In the laundry, hard water leaves soap curd and detergent deposits on fabrics. This dulls colors and gives a gray or yellow appearance to white fabrics. Also hard water soap curd clings to fabric fibers, causing threads to become brittle and shortening the life of the material.

　　洗衣店发现，使用硬水洗涤后，皂液或清洁剂与硬度离子反应后产生的垢渍滞留在织物的表面，会让白色织物的色泽变得暗淡或发黄。此外，附着了垢渍的织物纤维容易断裂，缩短了织物的使用寿命。

　　Hard water wastes soap and synthetic detergents. Hard water leaves unsightly soap scum rings in the bathtub. Hard water spots and streaks glassware and dishes. Hard water builds up scale deposits in all water-using appliances, clogs hot water pipes. Hard water hampers good grooming efforts 硬水造成皂液及合成洗涤剂的浪费硬水让难看的肥皂泡沫滞留在论文范文http://www.chuibin.com/ 浴缸表面硬水会在玻璃器皿表面留下水渍和斑点硬水导致所有涉水器具表面结垢，阻塞热水管道硬水让洗后的头发不易梳理

　　What is Hard Water Scale?

　　硬水导致的水垢是怎么回事？

　　Scale is one of the most serious problems caused by hardness mineral deposits. This particular byproduct of water hardness puts many water-using appliances out of service. It clogs hot water pipes and can sharply reduce the heating efficiency of a boiler or water heater. When hard water is heated, scale is formed. This is due to (1) the breakdown of calcium and magnesium bicarbonates, (2) their reversion to the highly insoluble carbonate forms, (3) their precipitation from the water, and (4) their concentration on the interior surfaces of the water heater.

　　因硬度离子形成的沉淀物质，会带来很多严重问题，水垢便是其中之一。这个由水硬度带来的副产品，让很多涉水产品的使用寿命大为降低。水垢会阻塞热水管道并急剧降低锅炉或热水器的加热效率。硬水加热后便会形成结垢。这是因为加热后，水中的碳酸氢钙及碳酸氢镁会分解，还原生成不溶性的碳酸盐后，从水中析出并附着于热水器的内壁。

　　Under certain conditions the deposits form sludges. Both sludges and scale can lead to a sharp reduction in operating efficiency.

　　特定条件下，沉淀物质会形成软泥沉积。无论是软泥还是水垢，均会导致热水器的运行效率大幅降低。

　　How Does Soft Water Save Energy?

　　软水如何实现节能？

　　In a University study, energy consumption of gas and electric water heaters operated and tested on hard water supplies was measured and compared to measured energy consumption of gas and electric water heaters operated and tested on softened water supplies.

　　在一项大学的研究中，分别采用硬水与软水作为供应水源，对燃气热水器及电热水器的耗能进行了对比测算。

　　The gas heaters operated and tested on hard water consumed 29.57% more Btu's of energy than the gas heaters operated and tested on softened water for the same amount of energy delivered.

　　The electric heaters operated and tested on hard water consumed 21.68% more Btu's of energy than the electric water heaters operated and tested on softened water for the same amount of energy delivered.

　　测算表明，与使用软水比较，燃气热水器使用硬水时，需多增加29.57%Btu(英热单位)的能耗，才能向水中传递等量的热能。若是采用电热水器试验，使用硬水则比使用软水增加21.68%Btu的能耗。

　　It is not necessary to heat water to a high temperature to produce scale. Any increase above the original temperature of the 论文范文http://www.chuibin.com/ water can cause lime scaling to occur.

　　原水的水温，不必加热到很高，哪怕是稍微的提升，都会导致石灰质水垢生成。

　　Although no chemical reaction occurs which causes calcium sulfate to deposit when the water is heated, this hardness mineral is unusual as it is less soluble in hot water than in cold.

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