当水在加热过程中，虽然不会有导致硫酸钙沉积的化学反应发生，但是，该硬度物质有一项独特的特性，即在热水中的溶解性比在冷水更低。

　　Hard water can also be troublesome in industry. In many industrial applications, however, not only must hardness be removed from the water, but all mineral content must be eliminated. Mineral deposits can cause serious difficulties in boilers, air conditioning systems, gasoline and diesel engine cooling systems.

　　硬水还会给工业生产带来麻烦。在很多工业应用领域，不仅那些导致硬度的离子须被消除，就连所有的矿物离子也必须被去除。否则，由这些矿物离子形成的沉淀物，会给锅炉、空调系统、以汽油或柴油为引擎的制冷系统造成严重影响。
Hard water is probably the most common water problem found in the home. According to the Water Quality Association of the United States, hard water is water that contains dissolved hardness minerals above 1 GPG (grains per gallon).

　　硬水也许是家庭中最常见的水问题了。根据美国水质协会的界定，凡是硬度离子含量超过1GPG（1GPG=1格令/加仑）的水均为硬水。

　　

　　Levels of hardness have been established.

　　硬度分级

　　·Soft Water - less than 1 grain per gallon

　　· Slightly hard - 1 to 3.5 grains per gallon

　　· Moderately hard - 3.5 to 7 grains per gallon

　　· Hard -7 to 10.5 grains per gallon

　　· Very Hard - 10.5 and higher grains per gallon

　　· 软水 --- 硬度低于1GPG

　　· 微硬水 --- 硬度介于1-3.5GPG

　　· 较硬水 --- 硬度介于3.5-7GPG

　　· 硬水论文范文http://www.chuibin.com/  --- 硬度介于7-10.5GPG

　　· 超硬水 --- 硬度达到或超过10.5GPG

　　What are the minerals that cause hardness?

　　产生硬度的离子有哪些？

　　

　　The most common Hard Water problem causing minerals are Calcium and

　　Magnesium.

　　常见的硬水困扰，主要是由钙离子和镁离子引起的。

　　What does GPG or grains per gallon mean?

　　GPG含义是什么？

　　Parts per million or grains per gallon are both used to describe the dissolved hardness minerals contained in a water. One part per million (PPM) is one unit of a substance out of one million units of water. Grains, or grains per gallon (GPG), is a unit of weight. It is 1/7000 of a pound. One GPG, (1gpg) is equal to 17.1 PPM.

　　PPM或GPG均用于描述水中硬度离子的含量。1PPM表示每100万单位量的水中含有1单位量的物质。格令或GPG是重量单位，相当于1/7000磅（1）。1GPG=17.1PPM

　　注：（1）1磅 = 0.4536千克

　　What problems does Hard Water cause?

　　硬水会引起哪些问题？

　　Hard water is fine for many uses around a home. To water a garden, wash down a driveway and general outdoor lawn care, most water, as it comes from a well or from a municipal treatment plant, works fine. But for indoor use such as bathing, showers, doing dishes and washing clothes, shaving, washing china and flatware, and dozens of other uses, hard water is not as efficient or convenient as "soft water."

　　在日常生活中，硬水的用途很广泛。例如，可用于花园灌溉、车道清洗及草坪养护等户外场合，这些用水多来自井水或自来水厂的市政供水。但是，对于家庭室内用水，如室内泳池、洗浴、清洗餐具、洗衣、剃须以及其他用途，硬水就没法象“软水”那样，给日常生活带来更多的效率及便利。

　　Efficiency Advantages of Using Soft Water:

　　软水带给家居生活的益处（及硬水的危害）：

　　• You will use less soap and other cleaning products.

　　• Reduce the difficult to clean "soap scum" and 'bathtub ring'

　　• Soap Scum stays on surfaces leaving unsightly spots on dishes, glass ware and flat ware.

　　• Heating hard water in the water heater, forms hardness scale. This scale plugs plumbing and builds up on the inside of water heaters, It can cause increased electric or gas bills, and may lead to early failure of the appliance with costly replacement necessary.

　　• Soap scum is difficultto remove and stays on your skin after bathing or showering. It clogs skin pores and coats hair. This residue may be a breeding ground for bacteria, and could cause diaper rash, rough, red hands, skin irritation and skin discomfort.

　　• Hardness minerals may cause unwanted taste in cooked foods such as vegetables and cause cloudy ice cubes.

　　• 使用软水可减少肥皂或清洁用品的用量

　　• 使用软水，浴缸表面的皂垢更易清除

　　• 硬水形成的皂垢滞留在餐具及玻璃器皿的表面，留下难看的水渍及斑点

　　• 硬水在热水器中被加热后，会形成水垢，阻塞水管并附着在热水器的内壁，从而增加电力或燃气的开支，还可能造成热水器的使用寿命缩短，增加设备更换的成本

　　• 硬水烹调蔬菜等食物，味道可能令人失望。此外，硬水制出的冰块，没有晶莹透亮的光泽。

　　Hard Water. What Can Be Done?

　　硬水如何处理？

　　If water tests over 1 GPG hard, consider softening it with a water conditioner.

　　如果水硬度超过1GPG，需考虑采用水处理装置对其软化。

　　There are only two practical ways to treat hard water:

　　有两种实用的方法用来处理硬水：

　　Chemical treatment. Various detergents and other substances are used to "cover up" or hide some of the negative effects of hard water. Mechanical treatment. Using mechanical treatment, hardness minerals are physically removed from the water. 化学处理法 可采用多种清洁剂或其他类似物质将硬水的消极影响“掩盖”或隐藏。物理处理法 采用物理处理法，将硬度离子从水中去除。The most common mechanical way to soften water is through the use of an ion exchange wa论文范文http://www.chuibin.com/ ter softener. This device uses an ion exchange process to replace hardness minerals in the water with some other substance. The vast majority of water softening equipment today uses the exchange of hardness minerals for sodium.

　　运用物理处理法软化水质，最常见的便是采用离子交换式的软水机。该装置通过离子交换的方式，以其他离子取代水中的硬度离子。目前，绝大多数软水设备均使用钠离子来交换硬度离子。

　　The process consists of flowing the hard water over a bed of plastic Resin beads. On each bead, slight electric charges hold sodium ions on the surface of the bead. However, these beads also have the ability to attract and hold hardness minerals. As hard water flows through the water softener, it passes around the plastic beads. The hardness minerals (ions) in the water have a greater attraction to the bead than the sodium on the bead. Therefore, they attach themselves to the bead, and in the process they displace the sodium ions. Thus the name ion exchange. Hardness ions are exchanged for sodium ions.

　　处理过程中，让硬水流经由塑料材质的树脂球组成的树脂床。每个树脂球均带有微小的电荷，将钠离子吸附在其表面，与此同时，这些树脂球也同样有能力吸引硬度离子附着在其表面。当硬水流入软水机后，便会从树脂球周围流过。此时，水中的硬度离子与树脂球之间的吸引力比树脂球表面的钠离子与树脂球之间的吸引力更强。因此，硬度离子便会吸附在树脂球表面，并取代原先吸附在树脂球表面的钠离子。该过程因此称为离子交换，在此过程中，水中的硬度离子被钠离子置换了。

上一页  [1] [2] [3] [4]