课堂提问在小学和初中英语教学中使用情况的对比分析(2)
II. Understanding of Teacher’s Questioning
2.1 Definition of Teacher’s Questioning
Questioning is to arouse students’ reaction as a signal stimulus classroom questioning means in classroom teaching, teacher’s design questions for teaching according to the convent, objectives and request. In a variety of teaching skills the questioning is a kind of more complicated teaching skills. Many domestic and foreign scholars make a research on the definition of classroom questioning Longman Dictionary of the English Language makes a definition of question just according to its form. It defines a question as a kind of need or all interrogative expression that requires information, explores a response or tests knowledge. Generally speaking in the process of classroom teaching questions are put forward by the form of interrogative. They can be realized by commands at times. In addition to this, the definition of teacher’s questioning is provided in terms of its function. The Longman Dictionary of Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics gives a definition just from this aspect. It defines a question as a sentence used to inquire an opinion, a belief or a fact and so on. Reignite, a psychologist figures that questioning is series of signals which want to explore verbal response states in his article that questioning is an action way to check students learning, promote their thinking and learning ability and solidify their knowledge by the mutual communication between teachers and students in forms of posing a question. In Reggae’s opinion even bubbling, gestures, facial expressions and physical contact can also be used as a question, because it can arouse students’ reaction to obtain information. Therefore he said that: “questioning refers to any information which attempts to cause language feedback” (Krashen,S.D. 89). In regaled studies the definition of questioning is that questions are a series of information such as signals and hints set by teachers in order to attract students’ attention and response. At the same time it is the process of teacher's feedback to the students’ answers. Borich,G.D, an American educational expert, thought “questioning is a basic control means of teachers to promote students’ thinking, evaluate the effect of teaching and force the students to achieve the desired goal”(256).
Different designs can reflect different educational concepts and teaching level. Finally, questioning is a teaching method to guide students to learn knowledge and cultivate abilities.
2.2 Types of Teacher’s Questioning
In order to conduct a good research on teacher’s questioning, it is very necessary to make a clear and comprehensive classification of classroom questioning. Scholars have developed and analyzed many advanced taxonomies to describe different categories of teacher's questions. The mainly content of this part is to talk about the previous relative studies on the types of questions. Based on different criteria, there are various ways of classifying. As for this, experts abroad and in China have different opinions. Domestic experts are mainly represented by Wang Duqin:
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